In late Medieval Greek and many modern dialects, pronominal clitics are syntactically adjoined to an IP projection. In another set of dialects they have become syntactically adjoined to a verbal head. In the most innovating dialects (which include Standard Greek) they are agreement affixes. Extending the Fontana/Halpern clitic typology, we propose a trajectory of lexicalization from Xmax clitics via X0 clitics to lexical affixes. The evolution of clitic placement also reveals the rise of a composite functional projection ΣP.

Linguistic Issues in Language Technology (LiLT) is an open-access journal that focuses on the relationships between linguistic insights and language technology. In conjunction with machine learning and statistical techniques, deeper and more sophisticated models of language and speech are needed to make significant progress in both existing and newly emerging areas of computational language analysis. The vast quantity of electronically accessible natural language data (text and speech, annotated and unannotated, formal and informal) provides unprecedented opportunities for data-intensive analysis of linguistic (...) phenomena, which can in turn enrich computational methods. Taking an eclectic view on methodology, LiLT provides a forum for this work. In this volume, contributors offer new perspectives on semantic representations for textual inference. (shrink)

The present collection addresses a number of issues in the semantic interpretation of modal and temporal expressions. Despite the variety the papers exhibit both in the selection of topics and the choice of formal frameworks, they are interconnected through several overarching themes that are at the centre of much ongoing research. The purpose of this brief introduction is to put the papers into context and draw the reader's attention to some of these connections. The topics we will discuss in the (...) remainder are: counterfactuals, causality, partiality, compositionality of conditionals, and context dependence. (shrink)

This article is about conditionalized modal statements whose antecedents concern a preferential attitude of an agent. The focus is on anankastic conditionals or, as they are known in the philosophical literature, hypothetical imperatives. We present a linguistically-motivated analysis of anankastic and related conditionals and use it to address challenges for semantic theories of natural language conditionals motivated by certain philosophical concerns about practical reasoning and the requirements of rationality.

We describe four successive rounds of Jespersen’s cycle in Greek and analyze the process as the iteration of a semantically driven chain shift. The contrast between plain and emphatic negation is an easily lost yet necessary part of language, hence subject to repeated renewal by morphosyntactic and/or lexical means.

4.2 Contextually Salient Functions -- 4.3 Negative Contextual Sensitivity -- 4.4 Strong and Weak Novelty and NP Strength -- 4.5 Existential Force and Strong vs. Weak Novelty -- 4.6 Maximality -- 4.7 Consequences of the Existential Presupposition -- 4.7.1 Positive Contextual Sensitivity -- 4.7.2 Dependent Functional Reading -- 5 Conclusion -- Notes -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.

The rapid innovations in digital technology deeply influence views on language and information processing. These exciting developments raise many questions for researchers, and shed new light on old approaches. Researchers are drawn to closely investigate the relation between form and content, the ways that linguistic utterances change information content, and the dynamics of information change. Logic, as an established method of valid argumentation, is a tool that researchers can use to gain insight in these questions of language and computation. In (...) answer to these linguistic and computational questions, this book presents a broad range of logical investigations into language and information processing. The topics surveyed include the notion of 'reasonable belief' in commonsense reasoning, perceptual reports in natural languages, and the logic of creation and modification of objects. The book also presents work on the verification of temporal aspects of reactive systems, analysis of scope by combining model theory and situation semantics and semantic analysis of the information articulation of linguistic statements. This volume exemplifies the abundant development of logical methods and tools in an interdisciplinary context. (shrink)

The following contribution1 was inspired by Cleo Condoravdi’s article on NPI licensing in temporal clauses (Condoravdi, this volume). Condoravdi gives a coherent and comprehensive account of be- fore which crucially involves coercion of propositions to the earliest or maximal times at which the propositions are true, and a modal component for non-factual interpretations. I argue for a nonmodal, non-coercive analysis of clauses like [A before B] as ‘A is the case when B has not been the (...) case’, triggering a conversational implicature that B will be the case later. I will discuss temporal operators involving measure phrases, like three hours before, and I will show that so-called “expletive” negation in corresponding clauses in German is, in fact, interpreted as negation. (shrink)

This survey gives an overview of a set of selected articles published between 2016 and 2017 in the major journals that cover the history of economic thought. In surveying the literature, we focus on three major aspects – the scope, the sources, and the methods – with reference to which we discuss the novelties that we find in the recent literature on the history of economic thought.

Introduction Cet article part d’une interrogation : qui écrit le texte numérique? On pensera peut-être spontanément aux programmeurs, aux commentateurs d’une page web, à celui ou celle qui écrit un article de blog ou un tweet. À cette diversité d’acteurs humains, il faut cependant ajouter toute une chaîne d’acteurs non humains, machiniques. Prenons une page web de mediapart.fr par exemple. L’article qui apparaît sous nos yeux a été écrit par des humains, son affichage a été programmé par des...

Good sleep is essential for health but there is no consensus on how to define and measure people’s understanding of good sleep. To date, people’s perceptions of a good night’s sleep have been, almost exclusively, conceptualized under the lens of sleep quality, which refers to objective characteristics of good sleep, such as such as ease and time needed to fall asleep, hours of sleep, and physical symptoms during sleep and upon awakening. A related, yet different construct, sleep satisfaction, refers to (...) perceived positive affect about one’s sleep experience and has, to date, received little attention. This research focuses on sleep satisfaction, rather than sleep quality, and aims to develop a self-report measure to assess sleep satisfaction in an English adult population. As the measure will be developed in Suffolk, England, and its primary intended users are Suffolk community members, it is labelled the Suffolk Sleep Index. The SuSI will draw from principles of community-based participatory research, following a seven-phase developmental process comprising literature review, interviews with Suffolk community members, synthesis of literature review and interview findings, pre-testing, pilot-testing, scale evaluation, and refinement. The present research will also investigate indices related to sleep satisfaction, including the community’s general health status, lifestyle factors and socio-economic status. The research will add to the limited, yet emerging body of research on perceived sleep satisfaction and its measurement. To our knowledge, a valid and reliable sleep satisfaction self-report measure has not been developed in the United Kingdom previously. (shrink)

Résumé Alix Cléo Roubaud, gravement asthmatique et hantée par la mort, photographiait son corps. Ce corps, après sa mort, est saisi par son époux Jacques Roubaud, et transformé – notamment dans Quelque chose noir – en poésie. Nous proposons ici, grâce à une étude croisée de quelques images et de textes, d’observer la dimension spectrale d’un corps amoureux disparaissant, ramené à un souffle, posé entre ce qui fait et défait le corps. Ceci nous permettant d’envisager la rencontre intime entre poésie (...) et photographie comme ce qui permet au connu et à l’inconnu, enfin, de se rejoindre. (shrink)

A festschrift for Dorothy Edgington, containing contributions from Cleo Condoravdi, Dorothy Edgington, Kit Fine, Alan Hájek, John Hawthorne, Sabine Iatridou, Nick Jones, Rosanna Keefe, Angelika Kratzer, David Over, Daniel Rothschild, Robert Stalnaker, Scott Sturgeon, and Timothy Williamson.

Condoravdi shows that the ignorance component is not a presupposition: • Ignorance is not signalled as taken for granted • No presupposition denial • No presupposition filtering So, what else could I have reached for in 2000? Not much, because I tend to buy my tools on the open market rather than develop them myself.

1 This paper has been presented at the workshop “Time and Modality: A Round Table on Tense, Mood, and Modality”, Paris, December 2005, at a CUNY linguistics colloquium in May 2006, and at the 6th Workshop on Formal Linguistics in Florian´opolis, Brazil, August 2006. We thank the audiences at those presentations, in particular Orin Percus, Tim Stowell, Marcel den Dikken, Anna Szabolcsi, Chris Warnasch, Roberta Pires de Oliveira, Renato Miguel Basso, and Ana M¨uller. We thank Noam Chomsky, Cleo (...) class='Hi'>Condoravdi, and Irene Heim for very helpful conversations about this material. We thank Bridget Copley for sharing with us her recent manuscript “What Should Should.. (shrink)

• Beaver and Condoravdi (2007): NO “In Davidsonian Event Semantics the analysis of quantification is problematic: either quantifiers are treated externally to the event system and quantified in (cf. Landman, 2000), or else the definitions of the quantifiers must be greatly (and non-uniformly) complicated (cf. Krifka, 1989)”.

Contra el privilegio de la problemática del conocimiento en la interpretación de la Crítica de la Razón Pura, el autor destaca la problemática de la metafisica como motivo principal de su concepción. La metafisica produce antinomias, y si la razón pura se atiene solamente al principio de razón suficiente, incurre en un conflicto de leyes. Según esta lectura, la dialéctica trascendental, y dentro de ésta la parte de las antinomias, representa el núcleo de la preocupación kantiana por resolver en la (...) revisión de la metafzsica el destino de la filosofia. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: Plato in Late Antiquity Middle Platonisms Neoplatonism Late Athenian Neoplatonism The Harmony of Plato and Aristotle Al‐Farabi Redivivus: Leo Strauss Epilogue: al‐Suhrawardi's Return to Plato Note.

Scholarship on Xenophanes’s F1 has had two foci, one on the rules of the symposium and the other on the religious program posed at its close. Thus far, the two areas of focus have been treated as either separate issues or as the religious program proposed in the service of the sympotic objectives. Instead, I will argue that the sympotic norms Xenophanes espouses are in the service of the broader program of rational theology.

This chapter contains section titled: Introduction Locke on Personal Identity Hume's Critique of Locke The Belief in Mental Unity Hume's Second Thoughts Some Interpretations Unity in Reflection References.

This chapter contains section titled: Acknowledgments References and Further Reading.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book deals with the nature of hierarchical relations, in particular the computational procedure needed to generate such relations. It discusses the importance of linguistic diversity in Chomsky's work. Chomsky's own work has mostly focused on synchronic grammatical analyses. The book describes ways in which work on second language acquisition has embraced theoretical developments in syntax, and how it has sometimes informed those developments (...) as well. It also discusses different declarative frameworks, shows in detail how they are compatible with Chomsky's early work, and provides examples of grammatical analyses within such frameworks. The book explains the differences between Chomsky's linguistics and what can broadly be labeled “usage‐based linguistics.” It explores how Chomsky's work has influenced research on one area of linguistic performance, namely sentence processing or “parsing.”. (shrink)